Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, a multifaceted chronic illness, poses significant health challenges globally. In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes among older adults has risen sharply, particularly in urban areas of developing countries. The Tamale Metropolis in Ghana, with its aging population and changing lifestyle patterns, mirrors this global trend. This study investigates the determinants of diabetes among older adults in Tamale Metropolis, aiming to provide insights for targeted public health interventions.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to assess the determinants of diabetes among older adults in the Tamale Metropolis. Specific objectives include examining the knowledge of older adults on diabetes, identifying the risk factors and dietary contributors to diabetes, and evaluating the association between sociodemographic factors and knowledge about diabetes.

Methodology: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The study population comprised older adult diabetes patients attending clinics at Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale Central Hospital, and Tamale West Hospital. A total of 350 respondents were selected through systematic sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which was pre-tested for reliability. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to explore relationships between variables.

Results: The sociodemographic profile revealed that the majority of respondents were aged between 60-69 years, with a nearly balanced gender distribution. A significant portion had no formal education, while almost half had tertiary education. Family history of diabetes was reported by 45% of respondents, with high levels of family awareness and support. Key risk factors identified included sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, and lack of exercise. Notably, a considerable gap in knowledge about diabetes was observed among respondents, significantly influenced by educational background and family history.

Findings: The study highlighted that inadequate knowledge about diabetes and its management is prevalent among older adults in Tamale Metropolis. Risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet were significantly associated with diabetes. The findings underscore the critical role of family support in managing diabetes and the need for improved education and awareness programs tailored to older adults.

Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that addressing diabetes among older adults in Tamale Metropolis requires a multifaceted approach, focusing on enhancing knowledge, promoting healthy lifestyles, and leveraging family support. Recommendations include implementing targeted educational campaigns to improve diabetes awareness, integrating lifestyle modification programs into routine healthcare, and strengthening family and community support systems. Policymakers should prioritize resources for diabetes prevention and management strategies that are culturally and contextually relevant to the Tamale Metropolis.