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An Increased Risk of Osteoporosis during Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Article Number: SIS241605AI201222
20th December, 2022
Author(s):
N. Annapoorna, G.Venkateswara Rao, N.S. Reddy, P. Rambabu1 and K.R.S.Samabasiva Rao
Abstract:
Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and
mechanistic imbalances of bone tissue that may result in reduced skeletal
strength and an enhanced susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis in its most
common form affects the elderly (both sexes) and all racial groups of human
beings. Multiple environmental risk factors like acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) are believed to be one of the causes of osteoporosis.
Recently a high incidence of osteoporosis has been observed in human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. The etiology of this
occurrence in HIV infections is controversial. This problem seems to be more
frequent in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. In AIDS, the
main suggested risk factors for the development of osteoporosis are use of
protease inhibitors, longer duration of HIV infection, lower body weight
before antiretroviral therapy, high viral load. Variations in serum
parameters like osteocalcin, c-telopeptide, levels of elements like Calcium,
Magnesium, Phosphorus, concentration of vitamin-D metabolites, lactate
levels, bicarbonate concentrations, amount of alkaline phosphatase are
demonstrated in the course of development of osteoporosis.
OPG/RANKL/RANK system is final mediator of bone remodeling. Bone
mineral density (BMD) test is of added value to assess the risk of
osteoporosis in patients infected with AIDS. The biochemical markers also
aid in this assessment. Clinical management mostly follows the lines of
treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia.